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The century of humiliation, also known as the hundred years of national humiliation, is the term used in China to describe the period of intervention and subjugation of the Chinese Empire.

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China's Century of Humiliation
The century of humiliation, also known as the hundred years of national humiliation, is the term used in China to describe the period of intervention and subjugation of the Chinese Empire.

China's Century of Humiliation

The term came into use around 1915, in the atmosphere of rising Chinese nationalism opposing the Twenty-One Demands made by the Japanese government and their acceptance by Yuan Shikai, with the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and Chinese Communist Party both subsequently popularizing the characterization.

Chinese nationalists in the 1920s and 1930s dated the Century of Humiliation to the mid-19th century, on the eve of the First Opium War amidst the political unravelling of Qing China that followed.

Defeats by foreign powers cited as part of the Century of Humiliation include:

* Defeat in the First Opium War (1839–1842) by the British

* The unequal treaties (in particular Nanking, Whampoa, Aigun and Shimonoseki)

* Defeat in the Second Opium War (1856–1860) and the sacking of the Old Summer Palace by British and French forces.

* Signed the Treaty of Aigun (1858) and Treaty of Peking (1860) during the Second Opium War, which ceded Outer Manchuria to Russia.

* Partial defeat in the Sino-French War (1884-1885), losing the suzerainty over Vietnam and the influence in Indochina peninsula.

* Defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) by Japan

* The Eight-Nation Alliance invasion to suppress the Boxer uprising (1899–1901) and impose reparations in excess of the government's annual tax revenue.

* British expedition to Tibet (1903–1904)[5]

* The Twenty-One Demands (1915) for loan advantage and local government control by Japan

* Japanese invasion of Manchuria (1931–1932)

* The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

In this period, China suffered major internal fragmentation, lost almost all of the wars it fought, and was often forced to give major concessions to the great powers in the subsequent treaties.

In many cases, China was forced to pay large amounts of reparations, open up ports for trade, lease or cede territories such as Outer Manchuria and parts of Outer Northwest China to the Russian Empire.

Jiaozhou Bay was passed to Germany, Hong Kong to Great Britain, Zhanjiang to France, and Taiwan and Dalian to Japan and China was forced to make various other concessions of sovereignty to foreign "spheres of influence", following military defeats.

End of humiliation

When or whether the Century has ended has been open to different interpretations.

Both Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong declared the end of the Century of Humiliation in the aftermath of World War II, with Chiang promoting his wartime resistance to Japanese rule and China's place among the Big Four in the victorious Allies in 1945, while Mao declared it with the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Extraterritorial jurisdiction was abandoned by the United Kingdom and the United States in 1943.

Chiang Kai-shek forced the French to hand over all their concessions back to Chinese control after World War II.

The end of the Century was similarly declared in the repulsion of UN forces in the Korean War, the 1997 reunification with Hong Kong, the 1999 reunification with Macau, and even the hosting of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.


'From Remote LNN Site' | Video Story By : Staff-Editor-02

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